The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and bacterial tolerance has renewed interest in bacteriophages as alternative antibacterial agents. Beyond their natural lytic activity, bacteriophages can be engineered as delivery vehicles for CRISPR–Cas systems, enabling sequence-specific targeting of resistance and tolerance-associated genes. Phage-mediated CRISPR delivery allows selective elimination of resistant bacteria, removal of resistance plasmids, and disruption of tolerance and persistence mechanisms, including those that contribute to biofilm formation. This short communication highlights the potential of bacteriophages as programmable CRISPR–Cas delivery platforms and discusses their relevance in addressing both genetic resistance and phenotypic tolerance in oral health.
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